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The history of hospitals has stretched over 2500 years. ==Early examples== In ancient cultures, religion and medicine were linked. The earliest documented institutions aiming to provide cures were ancient Egyptian temples. In ancient Greece, temples dedicated to the healer-god Asclepius, known as ''Asclepieia'' (, sing. ''Asclepieion'', ), functioned as centres of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.〔Risse, G.B. ''Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals.'' Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 56 (Books.Google.com )〕 At these shrines, patients would enter a dream-like state of induced sleep known as ''enkoimesis'' () not unlike anesthesia, in which they either received guidance from the deity in a dream or were cured by surgery.〔Askitopoulou, H., Konsolaki, E., Ramoutsaki, I., Anastassaki, E. ''Surgical cures by sleep induction as the Asclepieion of Epidaurus.'' The history of anaesthesia: proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, by José Carlos Diz, Avelino Franco, Douglas R. Bacon, J. Rupreht, Julián Alvarez. Elsevier Science B.V., International Congress Series 1242(2002), p.11-17. (Books.Google.com )〕 Asclepeia provided carefully controlled spaces conducive to healing and fulfilled several of the requirements of institutions created for healing.〔Risse, G.B. ''Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals.'' Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 56 (Books.Google.com )〕 In the Asclepieion of Epidaurus, three large marble boards dated to 350 BC preserve the names, case histories, complaints, and cures of about 70 patients who came to the temple with a problem and shed it there. Some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to have taken place, but with the patient in a state of enkoimesis induced with the help of soporific substances such as opium.〔 The worship of Asclepius was adopted by the Romans. Under his Roman name Æsculapius, he was provided with a temple (291 BC) on an island in the Tiber in Rome, where similar rites were performed.〔Roderick E. McGrew, ''Encyclopaedia of Medical History'' (Macmillan 1985), pp.134-5.〕 Institutions created specifically to care for the ill also appeared early in India. Fa Xian, a Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled across India ca. 400 CE, recorded in his travelogue 〔Legge, James, A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fâ-Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline, 1965〕 that The earliest surviving encyclopaedia of medicine in Sanskrit is the Carakasamhita (Compendium of Caraka). This text, which describes the building of a hospital is dated by Dominik Wujastyk of the University College London from the period between 100 BCE and CE150.〔''(The Nurses should be able to Sing and Play Instruments )'' - Wujastyk, Dominik; University College London.〕 The description by Fa Xian is one of the earliest accounts of a civic hospital system anywhere in the world and, coupled with Caraka’s description of how a clinic should be equipped, suggests that India may have been the first part of the world to have evolved an organized cosmopolitan system of institutionally-based medical provision.〔 King Ashoka is wrongly said by many secondary sources to have founded at hospitals in ca. 230 B.C.〔''Encyclopaedia of Medical History'' - McGrew, Roderick E. (Macmillan 1985), p.135.〕 According to the Mahavamsa, the ancient chronicle of Sinhalese royalty, written in the sixth century A.D., King Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka (reigned 437 BC to 367 BC) had lying-in-homes and hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documentary evidence we have of institutions specifically dedicated to the care of the sick anywhere in the world.〔Prof. Arjuna Aluvihare, "Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo" ''Vidhusara Science Magazine'', Nov. 1993.〕〔''(Resource Mobilization in Sri Lanka's Health Sector )'' - Rannan-Eliya, Ravi P. & De Mel, Nishan, Harvard School of Public Health & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies, February 1997, Page 19. Accessed 2008-02-22.〕 Mihintale Hospital is the oldest in the world.〔Heinz E Müller-Dietz, ''Historia Hospitalium'' (1975).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of hospitals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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